新世纪生态学.ppt

新世紀的生態學 Fig.1.2 Four organizational models:Changing relationships among business, society and environment. Fig.1.2 Four organizational models:Changing relationships among business, society and environment. Fig.1.2 Four organizational models:Changing relationships among business, society and environment. 圖 1. 生產系統管理必要回歸原點(向後轉)。 舊世紀 vs. 新世紀 (post 2000) 舊世紀 狀態：缺資金、缺技術 策略：資金，技術，生產 新世紀 狀態：全球化、資金充裕、技術繁多、進步快速 策略：生態、藝術、美學、價值感 Post 2000 Business Ecology 社會狀態： 全球化的競爭 WTO，下降關稅 困難：全球化的挑戰 生產部門轉移到其他國家 貿易的競爭激烈 成功要件： 物流的廣度與效率 價值的建立與被接受 整體，全面與多樣的考驗 Industrial ecology (工業生態學)(I) Emerge in the 1970s 工業生態學 (Industrial-ecology) : 生態學引入工業政策 (industrial policy) / 日本 國際貿易與工業部 (Watanabe, C., 1972) in the 1980s 工業生態學：社會政策研究 (比利時的經濟) (Billen, G. et al.,1983) Frosch, R. N. Gallopoulos (1989) Scientific American, 1989(September):142-55. Restructuring of industry in the form of an ecosystem with materials flowing through a myriad of interconnected production processes. 生態工業園區 (綠色工業園區) Industrial ecology (工業生態學)(II) In the 1990s Journal of Industrial Ecology (since 1997) 生態效率 (eco-efficiency) 工業區的規劃 (Grant, J.,1997) 建立新事業：綠色聯盟 (Green alliances) (Hartman, C. L. and E. R. Stafford,1997) 於快速變遷的市場，建立可塑的企業 (flexible organizations) (Volberda, H. W..1997) 城市的永續性 (Newman, P. W. G., 1999) 方法：透過商業與科學的整合，擴展生態學與經濟學 (Krehbiel, T. C. R. F. Gorman, O. H. Erekson, O. L. Loucks, and P. C. Johnson, 1999) In the 2000s Ayres, R. U. I. W. Ayres (eds) (2002) A handbook of industrial ecology. Cheltenham (UK): Edward Elgar. Industrial ecology (工業生態學)(III) 學術界 NTNU in Trondheim (Norway) Industrial ecology, a degree program at both the undergraduate and Ph.D. research levels. Initiated a degree program in 2001 Yale University (USA), Forestry and Environmental Management University of Troyes (France) The Mount Royal College in Alberta (Canada) Industry’s sustainability learning process Before 1970s: unprepared (none) 1970s: 1st era: compliance (承諾): reactive 1980s: 2nd era: beyond compliance: anticipatory(事先預