Lecture8 Hamlet课件.pptVIP

Shakespeare’s writing career may be roughly divided into four stages: ??? The early years were years of his experiment, dating from 1592 to 1594. During this period he wrote his early history plays and a group of comedies. They are King Henry VI in three parts (1590-1592), Richard III (1593), Two Gentlemen of Verona, and Love’s Labor Lost (1594). ??? The second period is a period of rapid growth and development, dating from 1595 to 1600. Such plays as Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595), Romeo and Juliet (1596), The Merchant of Venice (1597), the two parts of Henry IV (1597-1598), As You Like it (1598), Julius Caesar (1599), and Henry V (1599), were all written in this period. They show more careful and artistic work.　　　? ??? The third period is a period of depression, dating from 1601 to 1608. It is a period of his tragedies, such as Hamlet(1601), Othello (1604), King Lear (1605), and Macbeth (1605).　　??? The fourth period is a period of resume calmness, from 1608 to 1612. It is a period of calm after storm, with such plays as The Winter’s Tale (1610) and The Tempest (1611). Principal Characters in Hamlet: Hamlet: Prince of Denmark Claudius: King of Denmark, Hamlet’s uncle Gertrude: Queen of Denmark, Hamlet’s mother Polonius: Lord Chamberlain under Claudius Ophelia: Polonius’ daughter, Hamlet’s love Laertes: Polonius’ son Ghost of King Hamlet Character Determines Fate “性格决定命运”? 歌德在1796年写成的《威廉·迈斯特的学习时代》一书中,表达了他的看法:“我觉得这很明显,莎士比亚要描写一件伟大的事业担负在一个不能胜任的人的身上。……他没有坚强的精力使他成为英雄,……每个责任对他都是神圣的,这个责任却是太沉重了。” 从这段话中,歌德明显地认为哈姆雷特之所以身负复仇重担而又犹豫不决,是由于他本身软弱的缘故。有些学者把哈姆雷特性格上的软弱性反映在行为上的迟缓称之为“哈姆雷特型”,并认为这就是导致他悲剧的原因。 “性格决定命运”? “剧中人物的品质是由他们的‘性格’决定的,而他们的幸福与不幸,则取决于他们的行动。” 既然性格是人物行动的基础,而人物的行动又决定了他们最终的幸福与不幸,这也正印证了莎士比亚所说的———“性格决定命运”。就哈姆雷特来说,他性格上的软弱的一面和坚强的一面共同导致了他最终的悲剧结局。 矛盾冲突 戏剧是一种冲突的艺术,这种冲突不仅是外在力量的矛盾冲突,两种敌对势力的互相斗争,也是主人公内心的矛盾冲突。 《哈姆雷特》里就有两重冲突,一重是外在的,即哈姆雷特与以克劳狄斯为首的宫廷中的残酷、卑鄙的环境之间的冲突;一重是内在的,存在于哈姆雷特自己的内心之中:父亲的被残害,母亲的急于改嫁,身负扭转乾坤的责任的重大,内心的软弱无能,所有这一切在他心里产生了憎恨自己、鄙视自己的心态。另一方面他又决心要