(修改)Session 4--- Behaviorist Position (W.7,8).pptVIP

Session 4 Behaviorist Position* 本章重点： 1.Behaviorist Approach, 2. Transfer 难点： 1. the process of Behaviorist Approach in language learning Input imitation reinforcement repetition habit formation 2. Implications Behaviorist Approach Pioneers of this school: Russian psychologist, Ivan Pavlov ---Classical Conditioning Theory American psychologist, John B. Watson ---coinage of the term “Behaviorism”(1913) American psychologist, B.F. Skinner ---Operant Conditioning(1938) Pavlov dog 巴甫洛夫的狗，只要有声、光刺激(stimulus)，即便没美食，也照样垂涎三尺。不过得有个“条件”：一开始，每逢声响、光照，都要喂它。弄上几次，再有声响、光照，它就会得到一种心理暗示：好吃的东西来了……随后这种心理反应引起生理反应——唾腺分泌，口水便涓涓而下。 (salivated at the sound of bell with food) Waston’s Behaviorism 屏弃意识、意象等太多主观的东西，只研究所观察到的并能客观地加以测量的刺激和反应。毋须理会其中间环节，即华生所称的“黑箱作业”。 Waston’s Behaviorism 华生认为人类的行为都是后天习得的，环境决定了一个人的行为模式，无论是正常的行为还是病态的行为都是经过学习而获得的，也可以通过学习而更改、增加或消除． 他认为，行为就是有机体用以适应环境刺激的各种躯体反应的组合，有的表现在外表，有的隐藏在内部，在他眼里,人和动物没什么差异，都遵循同样的规律。? Skinner Verbal Behavior (1957) Language learning is not a mental phenomenon: but it is a behavior. Language is learnt by a process of HABIT-FORMATION. Main components of Skinner’s theory 1. The child imitates the sounds and patterns which he hears around him . 2. People recognize the child’s attempts as being similar to the adult models and reinforce (reward) the sounds, by approval or some other desirable reaction. 3. In order to obtain more of these rewards, the child repeats the sounds and patterns, so that these become habits. 4. In this way the child’s verbal behavior is conditioned until the habits coincide with the adult models. Say what I say : the behaviorist position The traditional behaviorist believes that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation. Input imitation reinforcement repetition habit formation Definitions: Imitation---word for word repetition of all or part of someone else’s utterance. e.g.