第十四章 美国的多部门金融监管.ppt

比较金融制度 对外经济贸易大学金融学院 范言慧 美国的多部门金融监管 美国监管体制的特征 德国的监管体制 金融集团及其监管手段 美国金融监管体制的特征 双线多头的金融监管体制 长期的单一银行制度 伞式监管和功能监管相结合 监管重心的转变 量化的监管体制 双线多头的金融监管体制 The main objective of the supervisory process is to evaluate the overall safety and soundness of the banking organization. This evaluation includes an assessment of the organization’s risk-management systems, financial condition, and compliance with applicable banking laws and regulations. The supervisory process entails both on-site examinations and inspections and off-site surveillance and monitoring. Typically, state member banks must have an on-site examination at least once every twelve months. Banks that have assets of less than $250 million and that meet certain management, capital, and other criteria may be examined once every eighteen months. The Federal Reserve coordinates its examinations with those of the bank’s chartering state and may alternate exam cycles with the bank’s state supervisor. The Federal Reserve generally conducts an annual inspection of large bank holding companies (companies with consolidated assets of $1 billion or greater) and smaller bank holding companies that have significant non-bank assets. Small, noncomplex bank holding companies are subject to a special supervisory program that permits a more flexible approach that relies on off-site monitoring and the supervisory ratings of the lead subsidiary depository institution. 长期的单一银行和单一州制度 1863年国民银行法禁止银行设立分行；1927年麦克法登法允许国民银行在城市设立分行；1933年格拉斯-斯蒂格尔法允许国民银行在州设立分行，但除非有关州允许设立州际银行，否则跨州设立分行是被禁止的；直到1994年跨州银行法最终解禁了有关银行经营地域范围的限制，允许银行在全国范围内经营业务和设立分行，单一银行制度最终结束。 伞式监管和功能监管相结合 根据1999年《金融服务现代化法案》的规定，对于同时从事银行、证券、互助基金、保险与商人银行等业务的金融持股公司实行伞式监管制度：即从整体上指定联储为金融持股公司的伞式监管人，负责该公司的综合监管，同时金融持股公司按其所经营的种类接受不同行业主要功能监管人的监督。为避免重复与过度监管，联储的权力也受到相当的限制，即联储必须尊重金融持股公司内部不同附属公司监管当局的权限，尽可能采用其检查结果。 The Federal Reserve’s role as the supervisor of a bank holding company or financial holding company is to review and assess the consolidated organization’s operations, risk-management systems, a