efficient data gathering in 3d linear underwater wireless sensor networks using sink mobility.高效的数据采集三维线性水下无线传感器网络使用水槽流动性精品.pdfVIP

sensors Article Efficient Data Gathering in 3D Linear Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks Using Sink Mobility Mariam Akbar 1, Nadeem Javaid 1, *, Ayesha Hussain Khan 1, Muhammad Imran 2, Muhammad Shoaib 2 and Athanasios Vasilakos 3 1 COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; mariam.akbar@ (M.A.); ayeshahussainkhan6@ (A.H.K.) 2 College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; cimran@.sa (M.I.); muhshoaib@.sa (M.S.) 3 Lulea University of Technology, Lulea 97187 , Sweden; vasilako@ath.forthnet.gr * Correspondence: nadeemjavaid@.pk; Tel.: +92-300-579-2728 Academic Editor: Neal N. Xiong Received: 21 December 2015; Accepted: 14 March 2016; Published: 19 March 2016 Abstract: Due to the unpleasant and unpredictable underwater environment, designing an energy-efficient routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) demands more accuracy and extra computations. In the proposed scheme, we introduce a mobile sink (MS), i.e., an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), and also courier nodes (CNs), to minimize the energy consumption of nodes. MS and CNs stop at specific stops for data gathering; later on, CNs forward the received data to the MS for further transmission. By the mobility of CNs and MS, the overall energy consumption of nodes is minimized. We perform simulations to investigate the performance of the proposed scheme and compare it to preexisting techniques. Simulation results are compared in terms of network lifetime, throughput, path loss, transmission loss and packet drop ratio. The results show that the proposed technique performs better in terms of network lifetime, throughput, path loss and scalability. Keywords: energy consumption; underwater wireless sensor network; direct transmission; mobile sink; courier nodes 1. Introduction Presently, we are