英语国家社会与文化入门PPT（一）.ppt

英国学年分为三学期制，学年由9～10月开始，至第二年6～7月结束。三学期的开学时间分别是 9～10月、1月和4月。英国学位可分为学士学位(Bachelor Degree)、硕士学位(Master Degree) 和博士学位(Doctor of Philosophy)。学士学位或称第一学位，攻读学士学位课程的学生，通常需要三年时间。学士学位有荣誉等级之分。 * 一般而言，学士学位可分为文学学士、理学学士、法学学士和工程学士等类别。但很多情况下，相同科目的学位课程，不同的学校会颁发不同的学位名称。如：法律专业的学生，通常被称为法律学士或文学学士。硕士学位可分为授课形式的学位课程或以研究专修形式的学位课程。授课形式的学位课程一般为一年，学生必须上一定学时的课程，每学期写出规定数字的论文，年终递交最后的毕业论文。研究专修的硕士学位，通常需要两年的时间，主要在导师指导下从事论文写作工作。 硕士阶段授予的学位有文学硕士、理学硕士、法律硕士或工商管理硕士等。研究专修的硕士学位主要有哲学硕士或文学硕士。 各种专业的博士学位通常需要申请人在至少学习两年相关专业，获得哲学硕士学位后，才可以申请攻读博士学位，博士生至少在从事了三年的研究工作后，才可获得博士学位(Ph.D)。 * 英国在一些学院和高等教育学校还开设两年制或三年制的专业课程。两年制课程完成后，学生考试合格，可获取高等教育文凭证书(Diploma in Higher Education),学生毕业后，如果申请本科生课程，其两年制所学课程有可能被录取大学认可。三年制课程主要为工业界培养职业学生，学生毕业后，可获得高等文凭证书(Higher Diploma)。 * (2) Economic recession in the 70s: In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate, and the high record of trade deficits. * (3) Economic recovery in the 80s: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the improved financial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments. * Measures taken by Mrs. Thatchers government to improve the economy 　Mrs. Thatchers government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies. * (1) Macroeconomic measures were directed towards bringing down the rate of inflation and achieving price stability. (2) Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the grain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility. * Reasons for the British coal mining is called a “sick” industry today. 　Today the coal industry in Britain is on the decline，the number of miners, collieries and the total output have been falling. 　The reasons for the decline are as follows: exhaustion of old mines, costly operations of extraction, poor old equipment, little investment, fall