Lecture 4 学生用1.doc

Lecture 4 The Comparative Study and Translation of Sentences句法对比与翻译 The unit of translation 翻译单位 句子: 用词或词组构成的一个能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位。每个句子都有一定的语调，表示陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹等语气。 Sentence: a group of words which, when they are written down, begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop, question mark, or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and verb. ----- Collins COBUILD Simple sentences may be divided into major syntactic types differentiated by their form. Their use correlates largely with different discourse functions. Declaratives are sentences in which the subject is present and generally precedes the verb. Interrogatives are sentences which are formally marked in one of the two ways: (i) yes-no interrogatives: the operator is placed in front of the subject. (ii) wh-interrogatives: the interrogative wh-element is positioned initially. Imperatives are sentences which usually have no overt grammatical subject, and whose verb has the base form. Exclamatives are sentences which have an initial phrase introduced by what or how usually with subject-verb order. 汉语基本句型——小句 小句（clause）是“最小的能够独立表述一个意思的语法单位。一个语素，一个词，或者一个短语，只要跟句子语气相结合都会成为小句。” 汉语基本句型——复合句 因果类复句 1） （因为······所以······，（之）所以······（就/是）因为······，······因为······，越······越······） 2） （既然······那么······/就······，既然······，既······，······可见······，与其······，不如······） 3） （如果······那么/就······，如果······，要不是······就······，如果说······那么······） 4） （只有······才······，只要······就······，必须······才······，除非······才······，只要······） 5） （······以便······，······以免······） 并列类复句 1） （既······也······，又······又······，也······也······，一边······一边······，一方面······另一方面······，不是······而是······，是······而不是······） 2） （······接着······，······然后······） 3） （不但······而且······，不仅······就连······，不但······，反而······，固然·····更······） 4） （或者······或者······，不是······就是······，要么······要么······，是······还是······） 转折类复句 1） （但是，可是，然而，只是） 2） （虽然······但是······，即使······也······，无论