Environmental Science Lecture环境科学讲座.pptVIP

Environmental ScienceLecture A. Prof. Wang Xiuheng xiuheng@hit.edu.cn Ecological Principles and Their Application Principles of ecology Human population growth and relation to social and economic problems Demands on shrinking resources Human influence on ecosystem Environment and Organisms OUTLINE Ecological Concepts and Terms Natural Selection and Evolution Organism Interactions Community and Ecosystem Interactions Energy Flows Nutrient Cycles Ecological Concepts Ecology: Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their non-living surroundings. Molded by and make use of surroundings An area is altered Constant flow of energy and matter Depend on other, use another without harm, provide a service, etc Study the ecology at various levels Bottom up ecology Commence with how individuals interact with Environment called “autecology” or “ecophysiology” 个体生态学，生理生态学 Move up to how individuals interact with others of the same species Population ecology move up to Many populations together Community ecology Top-down ecology ? Commence with the ecosystem – All organisms and the abiotic (non-biological) environment ? Issues – How do matter and energy flow and cycle through the components of the ecosystem? – How do these flows depend on the type or structure of the ecosystem? Term List Environment Limiting Factor (限制因子) Habitat (生境) Niche（生态位） Environment: Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime. e.g. organism, water, temperature Subdivide the factors: biotic abiotic abiotic - non-living component Ultimate source of energy? Amount of living material（生物量）? Sun Others: climate, T, precipitation, soil type, nutrient cycles, etc. biotic - living component, all forms of life with which it interacts Limiting Factor - Any factor that restricts the success of a species. Plants: water, soil nutrients Animal: climate, food Fish: DO (dissolved oxygen) vs.T, silt reduces visibility Range of tolerance (耐性范围) : 4-8mg/L, Question: Is O2 Limiting