第一章节城市生态学幻灯片.pptVIP

未捕获（876.1g） 猎物种群生产量（886.4g） 被捕获（10.3g） 被吃下（7.93g）I 未吃下（2.37g） 未同化（0.63g） 同化（7.3g）A 净次级生产（2.7g）P 呼吸（4.6g）R An energy pyramid for a prairie ecosystem. Each trophic level from producer to tertiary consumer has less energy stored in it. The width of the rectangles represents energy found in the organisms at each trophic level. CONCEPT OF PYRAMIDS Carbon cycle Phosphorus cycle Nitrogen cycle Water cycle Oxygen cycle Heat in the environment Heat Heat Heat The Carbon Cycle Reservoirs Processes/Locations TrophicLevels/Organisms CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) Producers Consumers Wastes,Dead bodies Soil bacteria detritus feeders CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) Consumers Wastes,Dead bodies Soil bacteria detritus feeders CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) Wastes,Dead bodies Soil bacteria detritus feeders CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) Respitation CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) Burning offossil fuels CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) Fire CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) CO2 dissolvedin ocean(reservoir) CO2 inatmosphere(reservoir) 海洋和大气CO2调节 CO2 CO2溶 于海水 H2CO3 水体中生物 H++CO3 2- CACO3 海底沉积物 Nitrogen inAtmosphereReservoir Nitrogen inAtmosphereReservoir The Nitrogen Cycle Electrical stormsproduce nitrate Ammonia nitrate Nitrogen-fixingbacteria inlegume rootsand soil Ammonia nitrate Uptakebyplants Producers Consumers Wastes,Dead bodies Soil bacteria anddetritus feeders Ammonia nitrate Dentitrifyingbacteria Nitrogen inAtmosphereReservoir Reservoirs Processes/Locations TrophicLevels/Organisms Phosphate leaches from phosphate-rich rocks or from fertilizers and enters plants and other producers where it is incorporated into biological molecules. These are passed through the trophic levels. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE - PHOSPHORUS 水生演替过程 1.2 生态系统(ecosystem ) 生态平衡及其反馈调节机制 生态平衡(ecological equilibrium)— 指生态系统的一种相对稳定状态。当处于这一状态时, 生态系统内生物之间和生物与环境之间相互高度适应, 种群结构和数量比例长久保持相对稳定, 生产与消费和分解之间相互协调, 系统能量和物质的输入与输出之间接近平衡。生态系统平衡是一种动态平衡, 因为能量流动和物质循环仍在不间断地进行, 生物个体也在不断地进行更新。 1.2 生态