上呼吸道解剖（英文）精选.pptVIP

Anatomy of the Upper Airway Larynx (cont) Glottic opening narrowest part of adult trachea dependent on muscle tone contains vocal bands white bands of cartilage produce voice Arytenoid cartilage posterior attachment of vocal bands Anatomy of the Upper Airway Larynx (cont) Cricoid ring first tracheal ring completely cartilaginous compression occludes esophagus Sellick maneuver Cricothyroid membrane membrane between cricoid thyroid cartilage site for surgical and needle airway placement Anatomy of the Upper Airway Larynx (cont) associated adjacent structures thyroid gland below cricoid cartilage lies across trachea and up both sides carotid arteries branches across and lie closely alongside trachea jugular veins branch across and lie close to trachea Anatomy of the Upper Airway Anatomy of the Upper Airway Pediatric vs Adult Upper Airway Larger tongue in comparison to size of mouth Floppy epiglottis Delicate teeth and gums Larynx is more superior Funnel shaped larynx due to undeveloped cricoid cartilage Narrowest point at cricoid ring before 10 yoa Anatomy of the Upper Airway Anatomy of the Upper Airway Anatomy of the Lower Airway Function exchange O2 and CO2 Location From the glottic opening to pulmonary capillary membrane Anatomy of the Lower Airway Trachea Bifurcates at carina Right and Left mainstem bronchi Right mainstem bronchi has less angle Lined with mucous cells Beta 2 receptors Bronchi Branch into secondary tertiary bronchi that branch into bronchioles Anatomy of the Lower Airway Bronchioles Branch into alveolar ducts that end at alveolar sacs Alveoli “Balloon-like” clusters Site of gas exchange Lined with surfactant increases surface tension ? eases expansion ? surfactant or alveoli not inflated ? atelectasis Anatomy of the Lower Airway Lungs Right lung = 3 lobes; Left lung = 2 lobes Parenchymal tissue Membranous outer lining called pleura visceral and parietal pleural space Specific lung capacities * * From: CPEM, TRIPP, 1998