Beyond Comparative Advantage[除了比较优势](PPT-52).pptVIP

Chapter Objectives Explain why many countries import the same goods they export Analyze the development of regional clusters of production of many exported goods and services Examine some preliminary arguments for trade activism. Introduction Problems with models of trade based exclusively on comparative advantage: Perform relatively poorly in empirical application; In particular, they don’t provide a completely compelling account of intra-industry trade. Besides, countries often seek to alter their comparative advantages through industrial policies While competitive models provide useful warnings about such policies; Restricting ourselves to such models makes it difficult to enter certain kinds of policy discussion. Intra-Industry Trade Inter-Industry trade – international trade of products between two different industries (steel-for-bread) Intra-Industry trade – international trade of products made within the same industry (steel-for-steel, bread-for-bread) Measuring Intra-Industry Trade:The Grubel-Lloyd Index Grubel-Lloyd (GL) index – Divide IITj by total trade in j (TTj = Xj + Mj) to get: Problems in Evaluating IIT Categorical Aggregation IIT is a statistical phenomenon, reflecting the fact that trade data are collected at some level of aggregation, but We are interested in its implications for the theory of international trade. Thus, we implicitly assume that these are technologically identical goods, but It is entirely possible that some component of measured IIT is just trade in different goods that fall in the same category. Trade Imbalance Magnitude of IIT IIT is a growing share of total trade Across sectors, for the US IIT is greatest in industries that we would think of as comparative advantage industries. Average Level of IIT:US, Selected Industries, 1993 Average Levels of IIT:By Country, By Year Magnitude of IIT (continued) IIT is a growing share of total trade Across sectors, for the US IIT is greatest in industries that we would think of as co