[经济学]Stanford的博弈论讲义.docVIP

Game Theory Game theory is the study of the ways in which strategic interactions among rational players produce outcomes with respect to the preferences (or utilities) of those players, none of which might have been intended by any of them. The meaning of this statement will not be clear to the non-expert until each of the italicized words and phrases has been explained and featured in some examples. Doing this will be the main business of this article. First, however, we provide some historical and philosophical context in order to motivate the reader for all of this technical work ahead. 1. Philosophical and Historical Motivation 2. Basic Elements and Assumptions of Game Theory 2.1 Utility 2.2 Games and Information 2.3 Trees and Matrices 2.4 The Prisoners Dilemma as an Example of Strategic-Form vs. Extensive-Form Representation 2.5 Solution Concepts and Equilibria 2.6 Modular Rationality and Subgame Perfection 2.7 On Interpreting Payoffs: Morality and Efficiency in Games 2.8 Trembling Hands 3. Uncertainty, Risk and Sequential Equilibria 3.1 Beliefs 4. Repeated Games and Coordination 5. Commitment 6. Evolutionary Game Theory 7. Game Theory and Behavioral Evidence 7.1 Game Theory in the Laboratory 7.2 Neuroeconomics and Game Theory 7.3 Game Theoretic Models of Human Nature Bibliography Other Internet Resources Related Entries 1. Philosophical and Historical Motivation The mathematical theory of games was invented by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern (1944). For reasons to be discussed later, limitations in their mathematical framework initially made the theory applicable only under special and limited conditions. This situation has gradually changed, in ways we will examine as we go along, over the past six decades, as the framework was deepened and generalized. Refinements are still being made, and we will review a few outstanding philosophical problems that lie along the advancing front edge of these developments towards the end of the