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[工学]4——Imperfections_in_solids_2009_version.pdf

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[工学]4——Imperfections_in_solids_2009_version

ChapterChapter 44 IMPERFECTIONSIMPERFECTIONSIMPERFECTIONSIMPERFECTIONS ININININ SOLIDSSOLIDSSOLIDSSOLIDS FOREWORDFOREWORDFOREWORDFOREWORD………… “Crystals are like people, it is the defects in them which tend to make them interesting!” ⎯ Colin Humphreys Prof. Colin Humphreys President, Institute of Materials ,, Minerals and Mining Cambridge University UnitedUnited KingdomKingdom Prof. Colin Humphreys ISSUESISSUESISSUESISSUES TOTOTOTO ADDRESSADDRESSADDRESSADDRESS • What types of defects arise in solids?What types of defects arise in solids? • Can the number and type of defects be varied andd cont trolllled?d? • How do defects affect material ppropperties? • Are defects undesirable? • How do point defects in ceramics differ from those in metals? • In ceramics, how are impurities accommodated in the lattice and how do they affect properties?in the lattice and how do they affect properties? INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Real cryystals are never pperfect,, there are alwayys defects Schematic drawing of a poly-crystal with many defects by Helmut Föll, University of Kiel, Germany. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Defects have a profound impact on the macroscopic propertiies off materiialls Bonding + Structure