环境生态学---第十九章 生态系统格局.pptVIP

荒漠动物 爬行动物和昆虫是容易在荒漠条件下生存的。然而，一些哺乳动物包括啮齿类动物和骆驼都已经进化出了适应干旱条件的行为。半荒漠和灌丛是爬行动物、小哺乳动物和鸟类的重要栖息地。 环境关系 荒漠生产力受降雨量的限制。那里土壤是合适的，灌溉能够使荒漠转换成有生产力的农业田地。然而，荒漠灌溉能够导致盐渍化，并且为农作物而改变河道可以对其他地区的生态学产生破坏性的影响。 相关主题 生态系统格局（S1） 野骆驼 The saltwater biomes are open oceans, continental shelves, the intertidal zone and coral reefs, salt marsh, mudflats and mangroves. Oceans cover 70% of the world’s surface. Physical factors, namely tides, currents, temperature, pressure (depth) and light intensity, determine the makeup of biological salt water communities. Key Notes Primary saltwater regions S6 SALTWATER BIOMES S6 盐水生物群系 要 点 基本盐水区域 盐水生物群系包括开阔的海洋、大陆架、潮间带和珊瑚礁、盐水沼泽、潮泥滩和红树林。海洋覆盖了70%的地球表面。物理因素即潮汐、环流、温度、压力（深处的）和光强度决定着生物盐水群落的组成。 绿色长城——红树林自然保护区 The open ocean is the most extensive biome in area, but it tends to be nutrient poor and hence4 unproductive. The surface photic zone, where light can penetrate, contains phytoplankton and zooplankton. Below the photic zone carnivorous and detritivorous animals occur, feeding on material with depth, Bottom or benthic fauna is sparse except in regions of hydrothermal vents where communities based on chemotrophic bacteria thrive. Open oceans 开阔海洋 开阔的海洋是面积最广阔的生物群系，但是它却养分贫瘠，因此，它的生产力是低的。表面的有光带，即光可以透过的地方，含有浮游植物和浮游动物。在有光带以下，生存的是食肉和食碎屑的动物，它们依靠来自上面群落的物质为生。光的水平和生产力随深度增加而降低。除了生活在热水带出口区域的繁盛的化学自养细菌群落外，海底或海底的动物区系是稀少的。 Continental shelves support some of the most productive of marine ecosystems, such as kelp forests and fisheries. Diverse coral reef communities occur in warm and very shallow water. Coral are colonial animals which produce structurally complex calcareous skeletons on which live algae, invertebrates and herbivorous and carnivorous fishes. Continental shelves Intertidal rocky shores are dominated by algae. Zonation of algal and animal communities with exposure and distance from the sea occurs. Sandy beaches provide an unstable, abrasive and nutrient-poor substrate inhabited by filter-feeding burrowing animals which are themselves food for wading birds. The int