环境变化对建筑的影响外文中英文翻译文献.doc

环境变化对建筑的影响外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)  Architecture in a Climate of ChangeLow energy techniques for housing It would appear that,for the industrialised countries,the best chance of rescue lieswith the built environment because buildings in use or in the course of erectionare the biggest single indirect source of carbon emissions generated by burningfossil fuels,accounting for over 50 per cent of total emissions.If you add thetransport costs generated by buildings the UK government estimate is 75 per cent.Itis the built environment which is the sector that can most easily accommodate fairlyrapid change without pain.In fact,upgrading buildings, especially the lower end ofthe housing stock,creates a cluster of interlocking virtuous circles. Construction systems Having considered the challenge presented by global warming and the opportunitiesto generate fossil-free energy,it is now time to consider how the demand side ofthe energy equation can respond to that challenge.The built environment is thegreatest sectoral consumer of energy and,within that sector,housing is in poleposition accounting for 28 per cent of all UK carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In the UK housing has traditionally been of masonry and since the early 1920sthis has largely been of cavity construction.The purpose was to ensure that asaturated external leaf would have no physical contact with the inner leaf apartfrom wall ties and that water would be discharged through weep holes at the damp-proofcourse level.Since the introduction of thermal regulations,initially deemednecessary to conserve energy rather than the planet,it has been common practice tointroduce insulation into the cavity.For a long time it was mandatory to preservea space within the cavity and a long rearguard battle was fought by thetraditionalists to preserve this‘sacred space’.Defeat was finally conceded whensome extensive research by the Building Research Establishment found that there wasno greater risk of damp penetration with