Lesson 13 美国水环境政策分析 环境政策 教学课件.pptx

美国水环境政策宋国君中国人民大学环境政策与环境规划研究ater Pollution Policy of USAsome of the changes and concerns that have guided policy in the direction of greater federal responsibility for goal-setting, implementation, and financing. the key features of FWPCA-72 that define the present approach to water pollution—control policy. Water Pollution Policy of USASeveral measures of performance to show what has been accomplished in controlling discharges and improving the quality of our nation’s waters.an economic assessment of water pollution—control policy in which I compare benefits and costs and consider the problem of cost-effectiveness. 水污染政策的历史和发展 1899年的《垃圾管理法》 (the Refuse Act of 1899 )Goals: Protection of navigationMeans: Barred discharge or deposit of refuse matter in navigable waters without permitFederal vs. state responsibility: Federal permits and enforcementFinancing of municipal sewage treatment: None 1948年的《水污染控制法》(Water Pollution Control Act, 1948 )Goals: Encouragement of water pollution controlMeans: Authority for federal research and investigationFederal vs. state responsibility: Left to state and local governmentsFinancing of municipal sewage treatment: Authorized federal loans for construction, but no funds were appropriated 1948年的《水污染控制法》(Water Pollution Control Act, 1948 )there was no federal authority to establish water quality standards, limit discharges, or engage in any form of enforcement. 《水污染控制法1956年修正案》‘Water Pollution Control Act Amendments,1956Goals: Authorized states to establish water quality criteriaMeans: Federally sponsored enforcement conferences to negotiate cleanup plansFederal vs. state responsibility: Federal discretionary responsibility to initiate enforcement conferences for interstate waters Financing of municipal sewage treatment: Authorized federal grants to cover up to 55% of construction costs 1965年的《水质法》 (Water Quality Act, 1965)Goals: Attainment of ambient water quality standards required to be established by statesMeans: State-es