《I-Marketing》 南京大学Imkt6.ppt

INTERNATIONAL MARKETING 6e The International Political and Legal Environment The Political and Legal Environment Home country political and legal environment The Environmental Superfund Intellectual property rights Gray markets The Political and Legal Environment Embargoes and sanctions “…government actions to distort the free flow of trade in goods, services, or ideas for adversarial and political purposes” Export Controls U.S. export control systems Export Administration Act (Commerce Department) Munitions Control Act (State Department) Determinants for export controls National security, foreign policy, short supply, nuclear nonproliferation Export Controls Critical commodities list Sensitive to national security Controlled for other purposes No License Required (NLR) Export license U.S. Export Control System Major Changes Altering Export Controls Collapse of the Iron Curtain Export controls have moved from a “strategic balance” to a ‘tactical balance” approach Major focus of export controls rest on the Third World Loosening of mutual bonds between allied nations Increased foreign availability of high technology Increase in the speed and dissemination of information and innovation Difficulty in monitoring the transfer of miniaturized high technology. Export Control Problems and Conflicts Determining what constitutes military-use, civilian-use, and dual-use products. Implementing controls on physical goods and knowledge and technology transfers. Monitoring access to deemed exports by foreign nationals. Recognizing nationalistic desires to protect economic interests. Import Controls Tariffs Voluntary restraint agreements Quota systems Administrative problems Import Controls Administrative problems Monetary and social costs to consumers while benefiting protected groups. Downstream change in the composition of imports to circumvent narrowly defined protectionist measures. The failure of protected firms become more efficient a