语言学——发音英文版语言学——发音英文版.ppt

Structure of Spoken Language : Hosom * CS 551/652: Structure of Spoken Language Lecture 2: Spectrogram Reading and Introductory Phonetics John-Paul Hosom Fall 2010 Spectrogram Reading Why bother?? What’s the point of spectrogram reading? Do people read spectrograms as part of their job? Do computers “read” spectrograms in order to recognize speech? There are some jobs that require spectrogram reading (e.g. phonetic time alignment), but not many. Automatic speech recognition systems do not process speech in this way. Primary reason for spectrogram reading: If you’re going to work on a problem, it’s advisable to understand the nature of that problem. Spectrogram reading provides a direct method for “hands-on” learning of the characteristics of speech. Studying phonetics, signal processing, or techniques in speech recognition/speech synthesis does not fully convey the complexity and structure of spoken language. More Formant Data… (source unknown) Phonetics: Introduction Phonology: A description of the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in a language (abstract), often involving comparisons between languages and/or evolution of a language over time. Phonetics: A branch of phonology that deals with individual speech sounds, their production, and their written representation. Phoneme: ? A unit of speech that can be used to differentiate words (e.g. “cat” /k ae t/ vs. “bat” /b ae t/). ? Phonemes identify minimal pairs in a language. ? The set of phonemes in a language subject to interpretation; most languages have 20 to 40 phonemes. Phonetics: Introduction Allophone: A speech sound constituting one of the systematic phonetic variants of a given phoneme. Different allophones are predictable from environment (e.g. “toe”, “caught”, “fitness”, “writer”; “sill”, “still”, “spill”) Phone: An acoustic realization of a phoneme. (Many different phones may represent the same phoneme.) “The phoneme /s/ consists of