14年 语言学.docx

Suprasegemental phoneme: suprasegemental phonemeisa kind of suprasegemental features, which means the features that occur above the level of the segments and can distinguish meaning from the point of view of phonology.Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.Conversion:Conversion is a kind of semantic change; it refers to the change of a word from a concrete entity or notion to a process or attribution. This process of word formation is also known as zero-derivation, or class shift. For example: the word engineer as a noun means “a person trained in a branch of engineering. But it means to plan to maneuver or to act as an engineer when used as a verb. (同类型的词还有fast快—禁食，找一个例子解释合理即可)Polysemy:It is a kind of sense relations. Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning. A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemy word. For example: “foot”. Foot in “He hurt his foot and she stood at the foot of the stairs has different meanings.The maxim of quality:This is the principle of cooperative principle suggested by Grice about the regularity in conversation. There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxims, relation maxims and manner maxims. The maxim of quality:Try to make your contribution one that is true.A: Do not say what you believe to be false.B: Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Compound:Compound belongs to derivational morphology (refers to the process of word variation signaling lexical relationships and it contains two types: one is compound, the other is derivation).Compound: refers to those words that consists of more than one lexical morphemes, or the way to join two separate words to produce a single form. And it can be divided into two kinds: the endocentric compound and the exocentric compound. Endocentric compound: it has a center or head