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Urban Studies, Vol. 36, Nos 5± 6, 791± 793, 1999 Com petitive Cities : Introduction to the Review W illiam F . L ever and Ivan T urok The paper s in this review of Urban Studies of co-operation between the public and pri- are concerned broadly w ith ® ve questions. vate sectors, som etim es w ith third-sector Do cities compete ? If so, for what do they involvem ent as w ell. compete ? How do they compete ? What are Krugm an (1996a, 1996b), on the other the consequence s of competition ? And , how hand , argues that cities as such do not com - do w e m easure and explain their competitive pete w ith one another : they are m erely the success? locus for ® rm s and enterprises which com - On the ® rst question , there are at least two pete . The asset sets which cities develop do contrasting views. Som e, such as Porter not facilitate inter-® rm competition, which is (1995, 1996), hav e argued that cities and based fundam entally on cost ef® ciency, inno- regions do indeed compete . T hey m ay not vation, m arketing and other factors internal compete in the way that nation-states com - to the ® rm . At best, the locational attribute s pete for a share of world trade, by adjusting of place s are basic requirem ents or necessar y interest rates or the exchange value of their conditions for competitive success, but not currency, or by engaging in restrictive prac- suf® cient conditions. tices or collaboration. Places do not compete T hroughout the 1980s and 1990s, there ha s in the way that comm ercial enterprises com - been increasing emp