专外 药剂部分.doc

Introduction?to?Drugs?and?Pharmacy???A?drug?is?defined?as?an?agent药剂?intended?for?use?in?the?diagnosis诊断,?mitigation缓解,?treatment治疗,?cure治愈,?or?prevention预防?of?disease?in?humans?or?in?other?animals.?One?of?the?most?astounding?qualities?of?drugs?is?the?diversity多样性?of?their?actions?and?effects?on?the?body.?This?quality?enables?their?selective?use?in??the?treatment?of?a?range?of?common?and?rare?conditions?involving?virtually?every?body?organ, tissue.?And cell.药学药物研究 药物是一种用于对人或动物有诊断、缓解、治疗、治疗或预防疾病的药剂。药物最惊人的特性之一是有作用多样性和效果多样性，这种优点使药物可以选择性的应用于正常情况下的或异常情况下的身体器官、组织和细胞。 Some?drugs?selectively?stimulate刺激?the?cardiac?muscle心肌,?the?central?nervous?system中枢神经系统.?or?the?gastrointestinal?tract胃肠道,?whereas?other?drugs?have?the?opposite? effect副作用.?Mydriatic?drugs扩瞳药?dilate?the?pupil?of?the?eye,?and?miotics?constrict缩瞳药?or?diminish?pupillary?size.?Drugs?can?render?blood?more??coagulable易凝?or?less?coagulable不易凝;?they?can??increase?the?hemoglobin血红素?content?of?the?erythrocies红细胞,?reduce?serum血浆?cholesterol胆固醇,?or?expand?blood?volume血量. 一些药物选择性的刺激心肌、中枢神经系统、胃肠道，而其他的药物则会有相反的作用，扩瞳剂能够扩大瞳孔的尺寸，缩瞳剂能够缩小瞳孔的尺寸。药物能够使血液易凝成或不易凝，能够增加红细胞中的血红素和血红蛋白，能够降低胆固醇，扩大血容量。??Drugs?termed?emetics催吐药?induce?vomiting呕吐,?whereas?antiemetic止痛药?drugs?prevent?vomiting.?Diuretic?drugs利尿药?increase?the?flow?of?urine增加尿量;?expectorant?drugs祛痰药?increase?respiratory?tract?fluid呼吸道分泌物;?and?cathartics泻药?or?laxatives轻泻药?evacuate?the?bowel大肠.?Other?drugs?decrease?the?flow?of?urine,?diminish?body?secretions分泌,?or?induce?constipation便秘. 药物被称作催吐药的会导致呕吐，然而止吐药会阻止呕吐，利尿药会增加尿量；祛痰药能够增加呼吸道粘液；泻药与轻泻药能够排空大肠，其他的可以减少尿量，减少机体的分泌或者导致便秘。??Drugs?may?be?used?to?reduce?pain,?fever,?thyroid?activity甲状腺活性,?rhinitis鼻炎,?insomnia失眠,?gastric?acidity胃酸分泌,?motion?sickness运动症,?blood?pressure,?and?mental?depression抑郁症.?Other?drugs?can?elevate?mood,?blood?pressure,?or?activity?of?the?endocrine?gIands内分泌.?Drugs?can?combat?infectious?disease,?destroy?intestinal?worms杀死肠道细菌,?or?act?as?antidotes?against?the?poisoning?effects?of?other?drugs.?Drug