英语专业语法 -ed participle.docVIP

Lecture 3 -ed Participle I. Grammatical forms P 369 Without conj or subject With conj. When, though/although, as if/ as though, if, even if, once, unless, until + V-ed With its own subject II. Grammatical functions 1 pre-modifier Vt-ed ; Vi-ed 1) Vt-ed (1) Vt-ed: a passive meaning or a sense of completion. -ing: an active meaning or a sense of incompletion. Compare: frozen food a freezing wind a bored traveler a boring journey a lost cause a losing battle a conquered army a conquering army a finished article the last finishing touch the spoken language a speaking bird a recorded talk a recording machine a closed shop the closing hour written language writing paper un-Vt-ed or adverb-Vt-ed eg: uninvited guests a badly-built house untold sufferings far-fetched reasons unheard-of stories newly-born children an undetermined boundary half-baked ideas an unedited story highly-developed industry an unexpected happening a properly-started engine 2) Vi-ed (1) the sense of completion but no passive meaning retired, escaped, faded, withered, fallen, expired., risen , returned, vanished, grown , eg. a retired teacher an expired lease an escaped prisoner the risen sun a faded flower a returned student a withered flower the vanished treasure fallen leaves a grown man 注：Vt-ed: sense of completion or/ and passive meaning Vi-ed: sense of completion and active meaning E.g. :a full-blown rose, the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun. Adverb-Vi-ed For instance, “* a behaved boy” or”*a traveled businessman”, “a well-behaved boy” or “a widely - traveled businessman” . 2. Post-modifier P370 相当于一个缩略的关系分句 3. Complement mostly Vt-ed. E.g.The glas