心理学专业外语：The behaviourist approach to psychology.docxVIP

The behaviourist approach to psychology心理学的行为主义研究方法J.B.Watson：‘Give me a dozen healthy infants……and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-doctor, lawyer…and yes, even beggarman and thief. ’华生：“给我一打健全的婴儿和我可用以培育他们的特殊世界，我就可以保证随机选出任何一个，我都可以把他训练成为我所选定的任何类型的特殊人物如医生、律师……或甚至乞丐、小偷。” Origins and history起源与历史The behaviourist approach was influenced by the philosophy of empiricism（which argues that knowledge comes from the environment via the senses,since humans are like a ‘tabula rasa’,or blank slate,at birth）and the physical sciences（which emphasise scientific and objective methods of investigation）.行为主义的研究方法受到经验主义哲学和物理科学的影响。前者主张知识来自于感官接受的环境信息，认为人类在出生时像一块白板或空白黑板，后者强调研究方法的客观性和科学性。Watson started the behaviourist movement in 1913 when he wrote an article entitled ‘Psychology as the behaviourist views it’,which set out its main principles and assumptions.Drawing on earlier work by Pavlov, behaviourists such as Watson,Thorndike and Skinner proceeded to develop theories of learning（such as classical and operant conditioning）that they attempted to use to explain virtually all behaviour.华生在1913年发表的论文《一个行为主义研究者眼中的心理学》标志着行为主义运动的开始，文中阐述了行为主义的主要原理和假设。行为主义者借鉴了巴甫洛夫早期的研究，比如，华生、桑代克和斯金纳继续发展了学习理论（诸如经典和操作性条件作用），他们试图用其来解释几乎所有的行为。The behaviourist approach dominated experimental psychology until the late 1950s, When its assumptions and methods became increasingly criticised by ethologists and cognitive psychologists.The behaviourist theories have been modified to provide more realistic explanations of how learning can occur, for example by psychologists such as Bandura with his social learning theory.行为主义的研究方法在实验心理学中一直占有优势地位，直到20世纪50年代后期，行为主义的理论假设和研究方法受到动物行为学家和认知心理学家越来越多地批评。行为主义理论现在已经被修正，以便对学习是如何发生的做出更实际的解释。例如，由心理学家班杜拉提出的社会学习理论。Assumptions理论假设The behaviourists believed:行为主义者认为：The majority of all behaviour is learned from the environment after birth（behaviourism takes the nurture side o