Norse Mythology北欧神话.ppt

Norse Mythology 起源Sources 所谓北欧神话，是指古斯堪的纳维亚人（Scandinavian）或所谓北欧人（Norsemen）的原始信仰，而他们的英雄传说也包括在内。 A subset of Germanic mythology, the overall term for the myths, legends and beliefs about supernatural beings of Norse pagan. It flourished prior to the Christianization of Scandinavia（斯堪的纳维亚）, during the Early Middle Ages, and passed into Nordic Folklore, with some aspects surviving to the modern day. 两部《埃达》 Eddas 一是冰岛学者布林约尔夫·斯韦恩松于1643年发现的“前埃达”，或称“诗体埃达” (The Poetic Edda or the Elder Edda). 一是“后埃达”，或称“散文埃达” (Prose or Younger Edda)，由冰岛诗人斯诺里.斯图鲁松在13世纪初期写成 。 Odin - the Chief God  Odin?was the chief god. He?was the most powerful god in Asgard. Odin was the grandson of the very first Aesir, Buri. ? The world was created by Odin and his two brothers. It is easy to recognize Odin. He is the god with only one eye Yggdrasil, the World-Tree, the tree of fate, arises in the center of the Midgard. Its branches reach up over Asgard. The entire universe is dependent on the World-Tree. The tree has three roots. One reaches into the underworld Hel, another to the world of the Frost-Giants, and the last one to the world of human beings. Beneath the tree is the Urda well, guarded by the Norns, the three Goddesses of Fate. Two other wells also feed Yggdrasil. One is called Hvergelmer, and the other is Mimers well. The dragon Nidhog lies in Hvergelmer and gnaws on the roots of the tree. Mimers well is the well of wisdom, guarded by the wisest of all beings, Mimer. Odin once gave his right eye for a drink of the water from this well. 世界之树，又称为“宇宙树”或“乾坤树”，是北欧神话中的一棵巨树。 其名为“尤克特拉希尔”（Yggdrasil），在北欧神话中，此树占有独特的意义。所谓“尤克”表示令人害怕之意，也是奥丁的另一个名字。而“特拉希尔”是指马，因此组合起来就是“奥丁的马”。其由来是因为奥丁曾经吊在树上，并用长枪—昆古尼尔刺伤自己，因此发现了卢恩文字。奥丁将此举说是“骑马”，世界之树因此有了尤克特拉希尔之名。 此树的树种是白蜡树（Fraxinus），高达天际。其下有三根粗大的根： 第一根树根深入阿斯嘉特（Asgard），根下有兀儿德之泉（Well of Urd），每日诸神会聚在泉水旁边开会讨论。此外还住着的诺伦三女神，亦即掌管命运的女神。 第二根树根深入约顿海姆（Jothuheim） ─ 巨人的居所，其根下有密米尔之泉（Mimir），是智慧与知识之泉。 第三根树根深入尼福尔海姆（Niflheim） ─ 雾之国，其树根下有泉尼福尔海姆（Nifheim）和一条不断啃食树根的毒龙“尼德霍格