黄新飞 《微观经济学》chapter 5 demand and consumer behavior 2.pptVIP

* Economics of Addictive Substance An addictive substance (上瘾品) is one for which the desire to consume depends significantly on past consumption. By contrast, for conventional goods, demands today are not likely to depend so directly on consumption patterns (消费模式) yesterday. * (legal drugs) (illegal drugs) D D S’ S’ S S Quantity of addictive substance Price of substance Many of the negative consequences (负效应) of illegal drugs result from the prohibition of addictive substances rather than from their consumption. Demand for Addictive Substances by Hard-Core Users * (legal drugs) (illegal drugs) D D S’ S’ S S Quantity of addictive substance Price of substance Raising the prices of harmful addictive substances can reduce the number of casual users who will be attracted into the market. Demand for Addictive Substances by Casual Users * The General Principle Let’s use a little algebra to generalize the utility-maximizing or equimarginal principle to the case of many goods. MUgood 1 P1 = MUgood 2 P2 = MUgood 3 P3 = ..... MU per $ of income = * The Second Part Try to fill the the empty boxes correctly with either an equals sign, a greater than sign, or a less than sign. consume more of good x MUx Px MUz Pz MUx Px MUz Pz = = consume more of good z * 中国案例分析2：轻轨不便 2002年，大连至金石滩的轻型轨道列车一期工程通车。过去，人们乘小客车从大连到开发区需要1小时，花费5元，现在乘轻轨只需不到30分钟，花费10元。而且轻轨内部环境好，运行过程也安全。但是轻轨运行一段时间之后，却陷入了一种非常尴尬的境地，每节可以容纳100余人的车厢，一般只有十几个乘客。 * 课堂测试 假设货币的边际效用递减，将高工资收入转移到低工资，能否增加全社会的总效用？图形说明。 * The Paradox of Value Adam Smith posed the paradox of value: Nothing is useful than water; but it will scarce purchase anything. A diamond, on the contrary, has scarce any value in use; but a very great quantity of other goods may frequently be in exchange for it. * Consumer Surplus The gap between the total utility of a good and its total market value is called consumer surplus (消费者剩余). Because of diminishing marginal utility, consumer’s satisfaction exceeds what is paid. Total Consumer Surplus Is the Area Under the