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Analysis of 2.5?Gbit/s GPON downlink optical-receiver performance??Original Research ArticleOptics Communications In the gigabit-capable passive optical network (GPON) optical communication system, the selection of fiber and system performance-analysis is the key links for the realization of system function. Especially the characteristic budget and parameter setting of downlink receiver are topped the list. The analysis of receiver power penalty can reduce the influence on receiver sensitivity and bit error rate (BER) that caused by waveguide dispersion and pulse widening. This article will simulate the performance of GPON downlink receiver, then analyze typical characteristics such as Four Wave Mixing (FWM), Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA), system eye pattern and Q factor and so on, so as to validate the feasibility of the optical downlink. Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. The principle of GPON optical receiving-link 3. Scheme of system receiver budget 3.1. Rise-time budget 3.2. Time budget of optic fiber and photodetector 3.3. Receiver-sensitivity budget of transceiver module 4. System simulation 4.1. The Four Wave Mixing effect [12] 4.2. The analysis of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) for specific wavelength to enlarge scope [14] 4.3. Signal integrity analysis 4.3.1. System eye pattern analysis 4.3.2. BER system analysis 5. Concluding remarks References Design methodology for WDM backbone networks using FWM-aware heuristic algorithm??Original Research ArticleOptical Switching and Networking The problem of lightpath topology design (LTD) and traffic routing over the lightpaths for wavelength-routed optical backbone networks has been investigated extensively in the past using heuristic as well as linear-programming based approaches. Sensitivity of such long-haul backbones to physical-layer impairments is required to be adequately addressed during LTD phase to improve overall performance. For optical communication using wavelength-division multiplexi