2017年西方文化导论小抄精心整理版.docVIP

European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的） element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与基督教的）element. Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century. In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon. In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece. Revived in 1896, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition. Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. The Homers epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey . The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy. The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca. The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.（公民大会） Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes. The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon. Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（俄狄浦斯王）, Electra（伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone. Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays. Euripides（欧里庇得斯） wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women. Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds. Euripides _ is the first writer of problem plays. Herodotus（希罗多德） is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides（修西得底斯） described t