隐喻和换喻的差别与联系NCCUfigurativelanguage.PDFVIP

2004 年第3 期 外 国 语 总第151 期 No.3, May 2004 Journal of Foreign Languages General Serial No.151 文章编号：1004-5139 （2004 ）03-0026-09 中图分类号：H0 文献标识码：A 隐喻和换喻的差别与联系 束定芳 （上海外国语大学，上海 200083 ） 摘 要：传统的修辞理论把隐喻和换喻作为两个并列的修辞格。现代认知语言学研究中有重隐喻而轻换喻 的倾向。许多隐喻理论常常把换喻作为隐喻的一个种类。本文从结构、功能和运作机制等角度对隐喻和换 喻进行分析。作者指出，隐喻与换喻都是人类的认知手段，隐喻涉及两个不同领域事物之间的关系，而换 喻常常涉及同一个认知领域的事物之间的关系。隐喻根据的是事物之间的相似性，而换喻着重的是事物本 身的特点或它与其他事物之间的特殊关系。隐喻的理解过程实际上是源域事物特点向目标域事物映射的过 程，而换喻的理解主要是根据喻体的特点来确定实际所指的对象。从功能上来说，隐喻和换喻有很多相似 之处。但隐喻因为以此代彼，因此更能创造“诗意”和“意境”，也更具认知价值。而换喻主要是以事物 的某一特点替代该事物，因此其主要功能为指称。 关键词：隐喻；换喻；认知功能；运作机制；差别 Metaphor and Metonymy: Similarities and Differences SHU Ding-fang (Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai 200083, China) Abstract: Metaphor and metonymy are treated as two different figures of speech in traditional rhetoric. In modern theories of metaphor, metonymy is often regarded as a subtype of metaphor and gets a bare mention. In this paper, the author analyzes the two important phenomena in terms of their structures, functions and working mechanisms. While recognizing their similarities in certain respects, the author suggests that they are two fundamentally different cognitive devices, with metaphor involving things from two different domains and metonymy involving the properties of something and its special relations with other things. Metaphor is cognitively more useful since people often create metaphors to understand a relatively less well-known domain of things in terms of things from relatively better-known domains. As metonymy basically involves using a special property of something or its special relationship with other things to refer to it, its major