浅谈土木工程专业外语秦卫红主编部分.docxVIP

土木工程专业英语部分A total elongation of a bar carrying an axial force 带了轴力的杆件伸长量A bar that has constant cross section throughout its length and a strait axis一个全长等截面的直轴A uniform stretching 均匀拉伸Units of force divided by area 单位面积上的力A compressive stress 压应力At right angles to its axis 垂直于轴杆This condition will be realized if the axial force P acts through the centroid of the cross section, as can be demonstrated y statics. 这种情况将被认为：如果一个轴向力P作用在横截面中心，那么它可以以静力学来解释。Also, unless stated otherwise, it is generally assumed that the weight of the object itself is neglected, as was done when discussing the bar in Fig. 1-1 . 同样，除非另有说明，这个通常假设该物体的重力被忽略，对于在像图Ι-Ι讨论杆件的时候。By making an artificial cut through the bar at right angles to its axis, we can isolate parts of the bar as a free body. 人工的截开这个杆在垂直于轴向的方向上，我们能隔离出杆的一部分为自由端。The concepts of stress and strain can be illustrated in an elementary way by considering the extension of prismatic bar. 应力和应变能够用一种基本的方式来解释，考虑该柱形延伸的杆件。Assuming that the stress has a uniform distribution over the cross section ,we can readily see that its resultant is equal to the intensity ａ times the cross-section area A of the bar. 假设在整个横截面上有着均匀分布的应力，我们能理解到它的结果等于强度6与横截面面积A的乘积。When the bar is being stretched by the force P, as shown in the figure, the resulting stress is a tensile stress; if the forces are reversed in direction, causing the bar to be compressed, they are called compressive stresses. 当一个杆件被力P拉伸，我们可以看到在途中，这个结果应力为拉力，如果这个里方向相反，将造成这个敢见被压缩，这叫压应力。The critical load 临界荷载The ultimate load 最终荷载a modulus of elasticity 弹性模量a factor of safety 安全因素elastic buckling 弹性弯曲initial crookedness 故有弯曲the slenderness ratio 长细比A diagram of the compressive stress in the column versus the slenderness ratio can now be plotted. 一个图表关于有压力的柱体长细比能马上被绘制。For practical purpose it is sometimes sufficient to draw a straight line EB and to consider that it represents the critical stresses for medium-length columns. 对实际的目的而言，这个有时候足以用画一条直线EB来考虑和代表临