cyanotoxins bioaccumulation and effects on aquatic animals微囊藻毒素生物体内积累,对水生动物的影响.pdfVIP

Mar. Drugs 2011, 9, 2729-2772; doi:10.3390/md9122729 OPEN ACCESS Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 /journal/marinedrugs Review Cyanotoxins: Bioaccumulation and Effects on Aquatic Animals Aloysio da S. Ferrão-Filho 1,* and Betina Kozlowsky-Suzuki 2 1 Laboratory of Evaluation and Promotion of Environmental Health, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil 2 Departament of Ecology and Marine Resources, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro State (UNIRIO), Av. Pasteur 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-040, Brazil; E-Mail: betinaksuzuki@unirio.br * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: aloysio@ioc.fiocruz.br; Tel.: +55-2125-621-562; Fax: +55-2125-621-525. Received: 18 October 2011; in revised form: 29 November 2011 / Accepted: 1 December 2011 / Published: 16 December 2011 Abstract: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with wide geographic distribution that can produce secondary metabolites named cyanotoxins. These toxins can be classified into three main types according to their mechanism of action in vertebrates: hepatotoxins, dermatotoxins and neurotoxins. Many studies on the effects of cyanobacteria and their toxins over a wide range of aquatic organisms, including invertebrates and vertebrates, have reported acute effects (e.g., reduction in survivorship, feeding inhibition, paralysis), chronic effects (e.g., reduction in growth and fecundity), biochemical alterations (e