comparative toxicity of fumigants and a phosphine synergist using a novel containment chamber for the safe generation of concentrated phosphine gas比较毒性熏蒸剂和磷化氢增效剂使用一种新型密封室安全代集中磷化氢气体.pdfVIP

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comparative toxicity of fumigants and a phosphine synergist using a novel containment chamber for the safe generation of concentrated phosphine gas比较毒性熏蒸剂和磷化氢增效剂使用一种新型密封室安全代集中磷化氢气体.pdf

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comparative toxicity of fumigants and a phosphine synergist using a novel containment chamber for the safe generation of concentrated phosphine gas比较毒性熏蒸剂和磷化氢增效剂使用一种新型密封室安全代集中磷化氢气体

Comparative Toxicity of Fumigants and a Phosphine Synergist Using a Novel Containment Chamber for the Safe Generation of Concentrated Phosphine Gas 1 1,2 Nicholas Valmas , Paul R. Ebert * 1 School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia, 2 School of Integrative Biology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia Background. With the phasing out of ozone-depleting substances in accordance with the United Nations Montreal Protocol, phosphine remains as the only economically viable fumigant for widespread use. However the development of high-level resistance in several pest insects threatens the future usage of phosphine; yet research into phosphine resistance mechanisms has been limited due to the potential for human poisoning in enclosed laboratory environments. Principal Findings. Here we describe a custom-designed chamber for safely containing phosphine gas generated from aluminium phosphide tablets. In an improvement on previous generation systems, this chamber can be completely sealed to control the escape of phosphine. The device has been utilised in a screening program with C. elegans that has identified a phosphine synergist, and quantified the efficacy of a new fumigant against that of phosphine. The phosphine-induced mortality at 20uC has been determined with an LC50 of 732 ppm. This result was contrasted with the efficacy of a potential new botanical pesticide dimethyl disulphide, which for a 24 hour exposure at 20uC is 600 times more potent than phosphine (LC50 1.24 ppm). We also found that co-administration of the glutathione depletor diethyl maleate (DEM) with a sublethal dose of phosphine (70 ppm, ,LC5), results in a doubling of mortality in C. elegans relative to DEM alone. Conclusions. The prohibitive danger associated with the generation, containment, and use of