upregulation of retinal dehydrogenase 2 in alternatively activated macrophages during retinoid-dependent type-2 immunity to helminth infection in miceupregulation视网膜脱氢酶2在retinoid-dependent 2型或者激活巨噬细胞免疫寄生虫感染的老鼠.pdfVIP

Upregulation of Retinal Dehydrogenase 2 in Alternatively Activated Macrophages during Retinoid- dependent Type-2 Immunity to Helminth Infection in Mice 1 2 3 2 2 Mara J. Broadhurst , Jacqueline M. Leung , K. C. Lim , Natasha M. Girgis , Uma Mahesh Gundra , 4 1 3 1 2 Padraic G. Fallon , Mary Premenko-Lanier , James H. McKerrow , Joseph M. McCune , P’ng Loke * 1 Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 2 Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America, 3 Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 4 Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland Abstract Although the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) plays a critical role in immune function, RA synthesis during infection is poorly understood. Here, we show that retinal dehydrogenases (Raldh), required for the synthesis of RA, are induced during a retinoid-dependent type-2 immune response elicited by Schistosoma mansoni infection, but not during a retinoid- independent anti-viral immune response. Vitamin A deficient mice have a selective defect in TH2 responses to S. mansoni, but retained normal LCMV specific TH1 responses. A combination of in situ imaging, intra-vital imaging, and sort pu