terrestrialization, miniaturization and rates of diversification in african puddle frogs (anura phrynobatrachidae)在非洲水坑terrestrialization,小型化和多样化青蛙(无尾目动物phrynobatrachidae).pdfVIP

Terrestrialization, Miniaturization and Rates of Diversification in African Puddle Frogs (Anura: Phrynobatrachidae) 1 2 3 1 Breda M. Zimkus *, Lucinda Lawson , Simon P. Loader , James Hanken 1 Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2 Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America, 3 Institute of Biogeography, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Abstract Terrestrialization, the evolution of non-aquatic oviposition, and miniaturization, the evolution of tiny adult body size, are recurring trends in amphibian evolution, but the relationships among the traits that characterize these phenomena are not well understood. Furthermore, these traits have been identified as possible ‘‘key innovations’’ that are predicted to increase rates of speciation in those lineages in which they evolve. We examine terrestrialization and miniaturization in sub-Saharan puddle frogs (Phrynobatrachidae) in a phylogenetic context to investigate the relationship between adaptation and diversification through time. We use relative dating techniques to ascertain if character trait shifts are associated with increased diversification rates, and we evaluate the likelihood that a single temporal event can explain the evolution of those traits. Results indicate alternate reproductive modes evolved independently in Phrynobatrachus at least seven times, including terrestrial deposition of eggs and terrestrial, non-feeding larvae. These shifts towards alternate reproductive modes are not linked