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Genes 2012, 3, 261-277; doi:10.3390/genes3020261 OPEN ACCESS genes ISSN 2073-4425 /journal/genes Communication A Gene-By-Gene Approach to Bacterial Population Genomics: Whole Genome MLST of Campylobacter Samuel K. Sheppard 1,2,†, Keith A. Jolley 1,† and Martin C. J. Maiden 1,* 1 Department of Zoology, The Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK; E-Mails: samuel.sheppard@zoo.ox.ac.uk (S.K.S.); keith.jolley@zoo.ox.ac.uk (K.A.J.) 2 Microbiology Infection, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: martin.maiden@zoo.ox.ac.uk; Tel.: +44-0-1865-271284. Received: 1 March 2012; in revised form: 30 March 2012 / Accepted: 31 March 2012 / Published: 12 April 2012 Abstract: Campylobacteriosis remains a major human public health problem world-wide. Genetic analyses of Campylobacter isolates, and particularly molecular epidemiology, have been central to the study of this disease, particularly the characterization of Campylobacter genotypes isolated from human infection, farm animals, and retail food. These studies have demonstrated that Campylobacter populations are highly structured, with distinct genotypes associated with particular wild or domestic animal sources, and that chicken meat is the most likely source of most human infection in countries such as the UK. The