The Nature Of Earthquakes EOLSS（地震EOLSS的本质）.pdf

NATURAL DISASTERS– Vol. I - The Nature of Earthquakes - Eugene A. Rogozhin THE NATURE OF EARTHQUAKES Eugene A. Rogozhin United Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Keywords: Earth’s crust, Earthquake, Fault, Epicenter, Hypocenter, Intensity, Magnitude, Mantle, Mercalli scale, Paleoseismology, Plate boundary, Plate Tectonics, Rupture Zone, Richter scale Contents 1. Distribution of earthquakes on the Earth 2. Reasons for earthquakes in the Earths crust 3. Types of the Earths lithosphere and Plate Tectonics 4. Types of seismic waves 5. Measurement of the size of an earthquake S S 6. The models of earthquake source S R 7. Nature of deep (mantle) earthquakes 8. Earthquake recurrence interval study L E 9. Earthquakes as a motor for geodynamic processes 10. Correspondence of an earthquake with time and weather T O 11. Conclusion E P Glossary Bibliography – A Biographical Sketch H Summary O C The principal features of the geological environment are described, as well as the forces C and tectonic structures responsible for producing an earthquake. The following topics S E are presented: data distribution of earthquakes on Earth, the reasons for the occurrence L of shallow earthquakes (in the Earths crust), kinds of seismogenerating faults, types of E the Earths lithosphere and the main theses of Plate Tectonics, types of seismic waves, P measurements of the intensity of an earthquake, the seismotectonic models of N earthquake source, the nature of deep (in mantle) earthquakes, and the results of study U