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Ab initio molecular dynamics studies on HIV-1 Protease:从头算分子动力学研究HIV-1蛋白酶
SISSA ISAS
SCUOLA INTERNAZIONALE SUPERIORE DI STUDI AVANZATI - INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR ADVANCED STUDIES
Ab initio molecular dynamics studies on HIV-1 protease.
Thesis submitted for the Degree of
Doctor Philosophiae
Candidate
Stefano Piana Agostinetti
Supervisor
Paolo Carloni
October 2000
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. The Human Immunodeficiency Virus. 1
1.2. The HIV-1 Protease enzyme. 2
1.2.1. Biochemistry of the enzyme. 3
1.2.2. Enzyme structure. 3
1.2.3. Reaction mechanism. 6
1.2.4. Drug design. 8
1.3. Motivation and outline of present work. 9
2. METHODS 13
2.1. The Schr?edinger equation. 13
2.2. Density functional theory. 14
2.2.1. The Hohemberg-Kohn Theorems. 14
2.2.2. The Kohn-Sham equations. 15
2.2.3. Exchange-correlation functionals. 16
2.2.4. Plane waves basis set. 18
2.2.5. Pseudopotentials for the electron ion interactions. 20
2.3. Car-Parrinello ab initio molecular dynamics. 21
2.3.1. Integration of the equations of motion. 23
2.3.2. The Nosé thermostat. 23
2.4. Calculated quantum mechanical properties. 24
2.4.1. Maximally localized Wannier functions as tool to visualize atomic orbitals. 24
2.4.2. 13C NMR chemical shifts. 25
2.4.3. Isotopic shift. 29
2.4.4. Vibrational spectrum. 31
2.4.5. Reaction free energies. 31
2.4.6. Atomic charges and bond orders. 32
2.5. Environment effects. 32
2.6. Force field-based molecular dynamics simulations. 33
2.6.1. The force field. 33
2.6.2. The Ewald sum method. 33
2.6.3. The Berendsen thermostat. 34
2.6.4. The SHAKE algorithm. 35
2.6.5. Calculated properties. 35
3. SYSTEMS AND COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS 37
3.1. Model systems representing the active site of HIV-1 PR. 37
3.1.1. Free HIV-1 PR (PR). 38
3.1.2. HIV-1 PR/pepstatin complex (PEP). 40
3.1.3. HIV-1 PR/substrate complex (SUB). 42
3.1.4. Formic acid/water complexes. 43
3.1.5. Computational details. 45
3.2. Force field-based calculations. 47
3.2.1. HIV-1 PR/substrate complex. 47
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 51
4.1. Conformational flexibility of the Asp dyad in the free
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