Development of the Pulse Tube Refrigerator as （脉冲管制冷机的发展）.pdfVIP

Submitted to: Proc. Institute of Refrigeration (London) 1999-2000 Development of the Pulse Tube Refrigerator ∗∗ as an Efficient and Reliable Cryocooler∗∗ Ray Radebaugh Physical and Chemical Properties Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, CO 80303, USA Abstract This paper presents a review of the pulse tube refrigerator from its inception in the mid-1960s up to the present. Various factors are discussed which brought it from a laboratory curiosity to the point where it is now the most efficient of all cryocoolers and reliable enough to be used on space missions. Carnot efficiencies as high as about 20% at 80 K and temperatures as low as 2 K have been achieved in pulse tube refrigerators. The operating principles for the different types of pulse tube and thermoacoustic refrigerators are described. Pulse tube refrigerators operate with oscillating pressures and mass flows and have no moving parts in the cold end. For large industrial systems the mechanical compressor can be replaced with one of two types of thermoacoustic drivers to yield a refrigerator with no moving parts. Recent advances in understanding and reducing losses in