口腔疾病分子生物学分析.ppt

Molecular Biologyof Oral Diseases Speaker: Wang Lizhen College of Stomatology School of Medicine Shanghai Jiao Tong University Contents and Objectives Part I Fundaments ofMolecular Biology What is molecular biology? What genes are made of? How do genes work? Question1: What is molecular biology? Definition The field of biology which studies the structure and function of genes at a molecular level. Methods Genetics Biological chemistry  Question 2: What genes are made of? DNA Majority RNA Minority Mid-19th Century Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance (孟德尔的遗传法则) 1869 Nuclein (核素) Deoxyribonucleic Acid -DNA (脱氧核糖核酸) Protein Ribonucleic Acid -RNA (核糖核酸) 1910 The Chromosome Theory (染色体学说) 1944 Genes Question 3: How do genes work? How Genes Are Replicated (复制)? How Genes Direct the Production of RNAs and Polypeptides (多肽)? How Genes Accumulate Mutations (突变)? Work 1: How Genes Are Replicated? DNA--Double helix (双螺旋) Work 1: How Genes Are Replicated? Four Bases (碱基) Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine(C), Thymine (T) Work 1: How Genes Are Replicated? Semiconservative Replication (半保留复制) A+T, G+C Work 2: How Do Genes produceRNAs Polypeptides? Gene Expression (基因表达) Transcription (转录) Translation (翻译) Gene Expression Transcription DNA RNA polymerase(聚合酶) mRNA Translation mRNA Ribosomes(核糖体) Polypeptides(Protein) Work 3: How Do Genes Accumulate Mutations? Types Small-scale mutations Point mutations DNA replication Transitions transversions Insertions Deletions Large-scale mutations in chromosomal structure Chromosomal translocations Interstitial deletions Chromosomal inversions Loss of heterozygosity Work 3: How Do Genes Accumulate Mutations? Implication Mutation Evolution(进化) Biodiversity Disorders Central Dogma New Hot Topic: Epigenetics (表观遗传学) Human Epigenome Project (HEP)(2003) (人类表观基因组计划) X-chromosome Dosage Compensation (X染色体剂量补偿) DNA Methylation (甲基化) Histone Modifications (组蛋白修饰) Functiona