复习课-全部章节-中英对照课件.ppt

Theory of Error Data Processing误差理论与数据处理;期末考试 时间：2014年6月9日周一 下午1:55~3:35 (100分钟) 地点：教六104;Definitions;The sources of error (误差来源);Classifications;Correctness, Precision Accuracy;Significant Digit;Significant Digit;Examples of rounding-off operation数字舍入运算示例;Rules of data computation数据运算规则;Normal Distribution 正态分布:;The figure shows normal distribution curve and related parameters. 正态分布密度曲线和相应的各种参数如图所示 σ is the X value of inflexion point A; θ is the X value of point B , the gravity center of the right half of the curve; line parallel to Y-axis at x=ρ evenly splits the area of the right half of the curve. σ是曲线拐点 A 的横坐标; θ是 B 点的横坐标, 也就是右半部曲线下方面积的重心; 在 x=ρ处与Y轴平行的直线等分曲线右半部分下方面积.;Properties of Normal Distribution 正态分布的特性:;let be the results of n measurements, then the arithmetic mean is given as follows: 设 为n次测量所得的值，则算术平均值按如下计算：;Residual Error 残余误差;单次测量的标准差;Standard Deviation of Arithmetic Mean算数平均值的标准差;Normal distribution;Extreme errors;Measurements with unequal precision 不等精度测量;Measurements with unequal precision 不等精度测量;Therefore can be treated as the residual errors of equal precision measurements that all have the same standard deviation of .;Detection of System Errors 系统误差的发现;(1) 3σ method;System Error of function 函数的系统误差:;Random Error of function 函数的随机误差:;Synthesis of system and random errors: 系统误差与随机误差的合成;(1) Synthesis in terms of extreme error 通过极限误差合成;(2) Synthesis in terms of standard deviation 通过标准差合成;Section5 Assignment of errors 误差的分配;Assignment of errors 误差分配;Minor errors 微小误差 ;Rules to accept or ignore minor errors ;Uncertainty of measurement 测量不确定度;Section1: Principle of Least Square Method 第一节：最小二乘法原理;测量值 已经出现，有理由认为这n个测量值 出现于相应区间的概率P为最大。要使P最大，应有;Least Square Principle of equal precision measurement 等精度测量的最小二乘原理：;令;Normal Equations: System of Algebraic Equations with sure solutions, which are transformed from the error equations according to the Least Square Principle. 正规方程：误差方程按最小二乘法原理转化得到的