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5. FLOW IN THE CYLINDER University of Thessaly(5。)
5. FLOW IN THE CYLINDER
by John L. Lumley, Cornell University (excerpt from his book:
Engines – an introduction. Cambridge University Press, 1999)
INTRODUCTION
The gas flow in the cylinder has a profound influence on the performance of the engine,
whether intended or not. In the early days of the automobile, it was seldom intended,
because relatively little was understood about turbulence, the primary player in this
drama. Engines were designed largely by empiricism; from time to time a particularly
successful design emerged, and its characteristics (to the extent that their relevance was
recognized) were preserved in subsequent engines.
There are a couple of notable exceptions to this: In the first, between 1903 and 1907 H.
R. Ricardo [45] (the father of the octane number), working at Cambridge University with
Professor Bertram Hopkinson, did pioneering work on the effect of turbulence on
combustion and heat transfer in the IC engine, particularly on the effect of the increased
effective flame speed on knock, and on the possibility of stratified charge, among other
things. This led, during the First World War, to great improvements in the design of tank
engines (giving short flame travel and high turbulence levels, permitting higher
compression ratios without knock), and after the war led to design modifications of the
flat‐head, or side‐valve engine, which resulted in the same performance as the overhead
valve engine, and which were generally adopted, and resulted in patents.
The other notable exception involved measurements made of the swirl and tumble
produced by various inlet configurations, and the effect of the swirl and tumble on
combustion [63], [86]. The flow measurements were made using high speed photography
of goose down (!) in a glass cylinder. The combustion measurements used schlieren
techniques. The authors determined the major mean flow and turbulent characteristics of
swi
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