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10 Partial Di erential Equations and Fourier (10偏Di为方程和傅里叶)
FOURIER ANALYSIS: LECTURE 17
10 Partial Di↵erential Equations and Fourier methods
The final element of this course is a look at partial di↵erential equations from a Fourier point of
view. For those students taking the 20-point course, this will involve a small amount of overlap
with the lectures on PDEs and special functions.
10.1 Examples of important PDEs
PDEs are very common and important in physics. Here, we will illustrate the methods under study
with three key examples:
2
2 1 @
The wave equation : r = c2 @t2 (10.205)
2 1 @
The di↵usion equation : r = (10.206)
D @t
h¯2 2 @
Schr¨odinger’s equation : r + V = ih¯ (10.207)
2m @t
These are all examples in 3D; for simplicity, we will often consider the 1D analogue, in which (r , t)
2 2 2
depends only on x and t, so that r is replaced by @ /@x .
10.1.1 The wave equation
A simple way to see the form of the wave equation is to consider a single plane wave, represented
2 2 2 2 2
by = exp[i(k · x !t)]. We have r = k , and (@ /@t ) = ! . Since !/|k | = c, this
one mode satisfies the wave equation. But a general
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