心理学专业外语Thenature-nurturedebateinpsychology.docx

The nature-nurture debate in psychology心理学的先天与后天教养之争Nature-Approach先天-研究方法Roots of the approach-nativist philosophy, biology (physiology and genetics), evolutionary theory.研究方法的根源-自然主义哲学、生物学（生理学和遗传学）、进化论。Causes of behaviour-genetic determinism, inherited influence, maturational blueprint,neurochemical and hormonal influences, brain activity.决定行为的因素-基因决定论、遗传影响、成熟的轨迹、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。 Methods employed-gene/chromosome mapping, twin and adoption studies, brain scanning, brain stimulation or damage studies, drug testing.研究方法-基因/染色体图谱研究、对双生子和收养孩子的研究、脑扫描、脑刺激或脑损伤的研究、药物测试。 Implications-due to biological determinism, behaviour can only be changed through physical means, such as selective breeding (eugenics), gene therapy, brain surgery, or drugs.影响-基于生物决定论的观点，行为只能通过物理方法来改变，比如选择性生殖（优生学）、基因治疗、脑外科手术或药物。Criticisms-reductionist, may neglect environmental influences.局限-还原论者可能忽视了环境的影响。Nurture-Approach后天-研究方法Roots of the approach-empiricism philosophy, behaviourism, social psychology.研究方法的根源-经验主义哲学、行为主义和社会心理学。 Causes of behaviour-the mind is regarded as a ‘tabula rasa’ (blank slate) at birth; therefore, knowledge and behaviour are the result of experience and learning from the environment.决定行为的因素-人出生时的心理被看作是一块白板（黑板），因此，知识和行为是后天经验与学习的结果。 Methods employed-use of classical and operant conditioning techniques to affect behaviour, manipulation of social environment to change behaviour.研究方法-使用经典条件反射、操作条件反射技术来影响行为， 通过操纵社会环境来改变行为。 Implications-due to environmental determinism, behaviour can only be easily changed through manipulating reinforcement and environmental conditions. Anybody could be trained to do anything.影响-基于环境决定论的观点，通过操纵强化物和环境条件，就可以很容易地改变行为。任何人都能够被训练来做任何事。Criticisms-reductionist, may neglect innate influences.局限-还原论者可能忽视了先天的影响。 Nature-Areas of explanation先天-阐释内容Perception-Research conducted by Fantz, Bower, and Gibson and Walk on new-born babies indicated pattern detection, size constancy and depth perception are innate abilities.知觉-范茨、鲍尔、吉布森和沃克对新生儿的研究表明形状辨别，大小恒常性，深度知觉的是先天的能力。