英语国家概况 Chapter_3.pptVIP

Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation I. William’s Rule 1.feudalism king all the land Barons large estates (tenants-in-chief) lesser nobles less land (knights and freemen) Villeins and serfs 2. Replacing the Witan (the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings) with the Grand Council of his tenants-in-chief 3. Compiling a property record Domesday Book: stating the extent, value, the population, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. Half a fifth the rest 170 tenants-in-chief the king the Churches 4. Strengthening church and keeping its independence from Roman Catholic churches to consolidate his rule (1.1) II. Henry II’s Reforms in the courts and law 1. strengthening the king’s Court: making six circuits and appointing traveling judges 2. establishing a common law (an unwritten law common to the whole people) to override local law and private law 3. Initiating jury system to replace old English ways in judging a case 4. Wishing to reform abuses in Church but meeting with rejection from Becket, the archbishop of Canterbury, later killed by the king knights and worshipped as a hero in the history as described in Geoffrey Chaucer’s the Canterbury Tales III. King John and the Great Charter (1215) 1. Causes of the Great Charter Norman Conquest 2. The Great Charter and its significance a. The barons drew a list of 63 clauses and presented to King John in 1215, known as the Great Charter (Magna Carta) (2.1) b. The significance (1) Laying the foundation of English liberties (2) Limiting the powers of the English king (3) Stating the legal relationship between the crown and the barons (4) Guaranteeing the freedom of the Church IV. Henry III and the beginning of Parliament 1. Conflicts between the