心理语言学课件.pptVIP

第二章 语言原则 基本语法概念 主讲： 手势语 主讲： 转换语法 主讲： 语法理论的问题 主讲： Psycholinguistics Chapter TwoLinguistic Principles Basic Grammatical Concepts Word Order：语序利用词在短语或句子中的排列顺序表示语法意义的手段 English:SVO (Subject-verb-object) (1) The boy chased the girl. (2) I like animals. Japanese: SOV Russian: form more flexible (mainly by affixes) Turkish:very flexible (combine different elementary meanings into very long words) 英语五种基本句型： 1. S+V 2. S+V+O 3. S+V+O1+O2 4. S+V+P 5. S+V+O+C First impression:Languages differ so greatly that no common patterns can be found? Greenburg,1966 1.Every language contains declarative sentences (Subject, verb,and object) 2.All languages have a preferred （首选）word order, though some languages allow more flexibility than others. 句法类型：语序 1.各种语言的语序也有一些共同点。 例如：1.每种语言都有包括主语（S）、动词（V）、和宾语（O） 在内的陈述句。 2.每一种语言都有一种首选的语序，只是有些语言语序灵活性强一些。 2. Greenberg曾把世界上的语言分为两大类：一类为宾语在动词之前的语言，（OV-languages）,另一类为动词在宾语之前的语言（VO-languages）。下面为各种语言的语序比例： VO-languages OV-languages SVO 35% SOV 44% VSO 19% VOS 2% ???从这些比例中，我们可以看出什么？ Basic grammatical concepts Patterns under diversity, unique to human languages 所有人类语言共同的语法特征 ↓ Four pervasive patterns: Duality, Morphology, Phrase structure, Linguistic productivity I. Duality of Patterning型式双重性 Duality of patterning At primary level: a large number of meaningful elements.(meaning system) At secondary level: a relatively small number of meaningless elements that are combined to form the words.(sound system) Example: words and speech sounds  Phonemes（音位） are differences in sound that make a contribution to meaning. 语音替换会导致意义上的变化的语音单位 (indicated by slashes 双斜线) ★ e. g. /b/ big /d/ dig If the switch in initial sound changes the meaning, it is evidence of separate phonemes pie, buy, tie, die, sigh, lie, my, guy, why, shy /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /s/