[下册]Unit3.ppt

Part Summary Para [1]-[2] Para.1. Before the emergence of Darwins organic evolution, the idea of evolution had been known to some people, starting from Greek philosophers to Bacon and Herbert Spencer in modern times who came to be aware that the complicated animals have developed from simpler ones. Para.2. Lamarcks theory that modifications would be inherited and reproduce a type had great influence on the subsequent naturalists and some other activities. Part Summary Para. [3]-[4] It is Malthus on Population that gives Darwin the clue that favorable variations will tend to be preserved while unfavorable ones to be destroyed. Part Summary Para. [5]-[6] Darwin devoted himself to the study of breeding and variation in plants and animals for two decades, consequently, Darwin s masterpiece The Origin of Species came out at last. Part Summary Para. [7]-[10] The hypothesis of natural selection met with a lot of opposition including some naturalists, there is no doubt that it has produced great influence on people, what is more, the flexible application of the theory is mentioned. Text Summary Evolution and Natural Selection by W.C Dampier names the philosophers and naturalists who contributed to the emergence of the theory of evolution , attributed to Darwin, in which favorable variations are presented while unfavorable ones are destroyed. Later hypotheses postulated germ plasm being continuous and not caring acquired characteristics. Sudden large mutations were observed, especially after cross-breeding. The theory of organic evolution has largely been acquired Inherited mental ability in humans has been demonstrated. 全文翻译 进化论与自然选择 [美 ] W.C.丹皮尔 全文翻译 [1] 进化的观念为某些希腊哲学家们所知。到了亚里斯多德的时候，已有人推测，较完善的物种形式，不但出现于不完善的形式之后，而且就是从不完善中发展而来的。但是这仅仅是猜测，提不出事实根据。现代重新提出进化观念时，它出现在哲学家，如培根、笛卡尔、莱布尼茨与康德等人的著作之中。斯宾塞在达尔文的书发表前几年，已经在宣扬一种成熟的进化论学说，而当时大多数博物学家还不愿接受任何这样的学说。虽然如此，仍有一些生物学家反对当时流行的观念，他们指出了诸如温血动物结构的基本一致之类的事实。 全文翻译 [2] 最早的一个完整的学说是拉马克 (1744~1829)的学说。他认为环境造成的改变如果是经常的和持续的，就会被遗传而产生新的物种。虽然这样的遗传没有证据可寻，