Nida语境中的翻译：语言的结构.ppt

Chapter 3The Structures of Language;Brief introduction of Eugene A. Nida;Some of his published works:;Contexts in Translating ;Chapter3 The structures of Language;Part1 Sounds;1. sounds and phonemes;sounds;2). A phoneme is not a single identical sound, but a bundle of related sounds which contrasts with other bundles of sounds.;sip/sib bit/bid luck/lug;4). The contrasts in the distinctive sounds of a language are systematic.; features;;the tone of voice;Exaggerated length of a syllabic part of a word;particular types of pronunciation;The absence of speech;Hesitation in response ;Comparison ; III. Extralinguistic(超语言) features : body languag tell some indirect information, which is important in what and how communication takes place. 1). hand and facial gestures 2). eye contact 3). body stance 4). types of clothing ;Oral communication ;Written communication;Significance of PFEF ;Significance in translation ;3. Internal and external structure of sounds;sounds;Part2 Lexemes; Formal(形式):The major formal classes of words in English consist of such sets as nouns, verbs, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and exclamatory particles. ; semantic E.g.: activities: eat, think, work, walk characteristics: good, swift, possible, true, beautiful relations: through, during, because, futhermore ; The meanings of words may also be said to be structured into semantic domians. E.g.: movement→come, go, arrive, depart, enter, exit manners of locomotion→run, walk, skip, hop, dance walk→amble,meander,hobble,shuffle ;? The formal and semantic are always mixed. ? E.g.: Beauty is formally a noun, but it is sematically a characteristic of something. ? E.g.: Begin is formally a verb, but it serves essentially as a characteristic or feature of its complement. He bagan to work. The verb work is semantically the central element and the verb begin simply states an feature of the w