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-ing 形式用作主语 -ing 形式用作宾语 She can’t help crying at a sad movie. He avoided giving us a definite answer. 他避免给我们作肯定回答。 The doctor advises taking exercises. She doesn’t allow smoking in her house. Would you mind filling out this form? --ing形式用作表语 The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers. 真正的问题是了解顾客的需要 Her job is raising pigs. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 注意： 以上的-ing结构在句中分别充当主语、宾语和表语，相当于一个名词功能，所以我们称之为动名词。其实-ing结构也可以有形容词和副词的功能，可以充当定语、状语和宾语补足语等，这是我们就称其为现在分词。 * * 1. avoid ~doing/n It is hard to avoid mistakes. We must try to avoid repeating these mistakes. 避免，错过，少延期 （avoid miss put off) 建议，完成，多练习 (suggest finish practise) 喜欢，想象，禁不住 (enjoy imagine can’t help) 承认，否定，与嫉妒 (admit deny envy) 逃避，冒险，莫原谅 (escape risk excuse) 忍受，保持， 不介意 (stand keep mind) 2. ahead of A) in front of 在…前面 I can see a car ahead of us. B) ahead of time 更早,提前 The new building was finished ahead of time. C) doing better than other people 更好 Tom is ahead of the other students in his class. 3. manage A) The department store was badly managed. B) The repair is difficult but I can manage (it). * He tired to get the work done with little help. * He managed to get the work done with little help. 设法完成(强调结果) 4. occur: ① happen, take place 发生 When did the accident occur? ② come into (one’ mind) 想起 An idea has occurred to me. It occurred to sb. that….某人突然想起了 It occurs/ occurred to sb. to do sth. 某人想起干某事 It never occurred to her to ask anyone. 她从未想到问问他人. Just as I was leaving the house, it occurred to me that I had forgotten my keys. 我就要离开房子时, 我想起来忘带了钥匙. Notes to reading: 1. Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. fold 1) 交(臂); 叉(手); (鸟)收拢(翅膀) fold one’s arms fold one’s hands fold its wings 2)折叠，对折　反义词unfold(打开，展开) She folded the letter and put it in an envelope 2.Just like spoken language, body language