语言学复习资料.doc

Chapter?one??Introduction?????? ?????一、定义??1.语言学Linguistics?? Linguistics?is?generally?defined?as?the?scientific?study?of?language.??2.普通语言学General?Linguistics?? The?study?of?language?as?a?whole?is?often?called?General?linguistics.??3.语言language?? Language?is?a?system?of?arbitrary?vocal?symbols?used?for?human?communication.??语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。??4.识别特征Design?Features???? It?refers?to?the?defining?properties?of?human?language?that?distinguish?it?from?any?animal?system?of?communication.? ?????语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。???????Arbitrariness任意性?? ?????Productivity多产性?（创造性）??????Duality双重性?? ?????Displacement移位性?? Cultural?transmission文化传递?? 5.语言能力Competence?（抽象）? Competence?is?the?ideal?user‘s?knowledge?of?the?rules?of?his?language.?? 6.语言运用performance??（具体）? Performance?is?the?actual?realization?of?this?knowledge?in?linguistic?communication.?????语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。? ?7.历时语言学Diachronic?linguistics?? The?study?of?language?change?through?time.?a?diachronic?study?of?language?is?a?historical?study,?which?studies?the?historical?development?of?language?over?a?period?of?time.??8.共时语言学Synchronical?linguistics?? The?study?of?a?given?language?at?a?given?time.?? 9.语言langue?（抽象）? The?abstract?linguistic?system?shared?by?all?members?of?a?speech?community.?? 10.言语parole?（具体）? The?realization?of?langue?in?actual?use.?? 11.规定性Prescriptive?? It?aims?to?lay?down?rules?for?‖correct‖?behavior,?to?tell?people?what?they?should?say?and?what?should?not?say.?? 12.描述性Descriptive?? A?linguistic?study?describes?and?analyzes?the?language?people?actually?use.??? 二、知识点?? 1.language?is?not?an?isolated?phenomenon,?it‘s?a?social?activity?carried?out?in?a?certain?social?environment?by?human?beings.?? 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。??2.几种观点和现象的提出者：⑴瑞士语言学家F.de?Saussure?:Langue和parole的区别?? ⑵美国语言学家N.Chomsky?:in1950针对Saussure’s?langueparole提出Competence和performance?? ⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家?? Sapir---language?is?a?purely?human?and?non-instinctive?method?of?communication?ideas,?emotions?and?desires?by