生物计算.PPTVIP

Chapter 1Molecular Biology and Biological Chemistry 暨南大學資訊工程學系 黃光璿 2004/02/23 常見的化學元素 週期表 Link 1 (注音) Link 2 (台灣師大) 水：H2O 氧氣：O2 氮氣：N2 乙醇（酒精）：C2 H5 OH 1.1 Genetic Material DNA:（deoxyribonucleic acid, 去氧核醣核酸） phosphate group (磷酸鹽) deoxyribose sugar nitrogenous base A: Adenine G: Guanine C: Cytosine T: Thymine 1.1.1 DNA --- A, G, C, T 1.1.2 DNA is oriented 5’ – GTATCC – 3’ 3’ – GTATCC – 5’ not equal gene (Mendel, 1860s) genome: all of an organism’s genetic instructions 1.1.3 Base paring of DNA G pairs with C and A pairs with T. reverse complement 5’- GTATCC – 3’ 3’- CATAGG – 5’ upstream: 5’ downstream: 3’ DNA 雙螺旋體（DNA double helix） 1.1.4 Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 1.1.5 RNA RNA: （ribonucleic acid, 核醣核酸） phosphate group ribose sugar nitrogenous base (A, G, C, U: Uracil) 1.2 Gene Structure and Information Content promoter sequence 1.2.1 Regulatory Proteins positive regulation negative regulation 1.2.2 Amino Acids (胺基酸) 1.2.3 Genetic Code 4 nucleotides 20 amino acid 4x4x4=64 20 ? triplet code (codon) This genetic code is universally used by all living things today with only a few exceptions. 1.2.4 Open Reading Frames A substring in DNA that contains no stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) while reading in a single reading frame. How can one detect ORFs? Long ORFs are easy, since the probability that a stop codon appears randomly is 3/64. 1.2.5 Introns and Exons eukaryotes ˇ prokaryotes × Extreme example cystic fibrosis: 24 introns, 1K/1M nts splicing alternative splicing 1.3 Protein Structure and Function Proteins structure proteins: collagen (膠原) enzymes: pepsin (胃液素) transportation: hemoglobin (血紅素) signaling intercellular communication: insulin (胰島素) absorbing photons: rhodopsin (視網膜色素) 1.3.1 Primary Structure amino acid, polypeptide chain amino terminus: H2N- (胺基) carboxyl terminus: -COOH (羧基) 蛋白質是由20種胺基酸所組成 1.3.2 Secondary Structure 1.3.3 Tertiary and Quaternary Structure 1.4 The Nature of Chemical Bonds anatomy of an atom neutron (中子) proton (質子)