英美概况 Unit2 Political System, Education and Economy.pptVIP

Government Local government Education Economy Government The Head of State of New Zealand is Queen ElizabethII,represented by a Governor-General. Parliament and MPs MMPR the two main parties Cabinet and public servants Government affairs Parliament and MPs Since 1950 Parliament has had a single chamber the House of Representatives. functions: passing laws ,supervising the governments administration and receiving petitions from citizens with grievances. There are 122 Members of Parliament,all elected by voters. MMPR MMPR stands for Mixed Member Proportional Representation. Measure: Under this new election system,each voter has two votes,the first one for a candidate in their electorate,the second for a political party.The second vote,when counted nation-wide ,decides the number of seats each party will take in Parliament. MMPR 概念： 混合代表比例制的目的在于让少数利益集团或特殊群体也能够在国会里发出自己的声音，从而最大限度地避免民选政治中对少数利益集团或特殊群体的不公。但奇怪的是，这个制度在新西兰的实施却出现了明显不尽人意的现象。 缺点： 混合代表比例制是一种基于民选政治的选举制度，它必须在一种完全民主的环境下才能充分体现它的合理性。七个固定毛利议席的规定，从本质上来说，违反了合理的民选制度，属于‘专制’的范畴。当然，就其历史沿革来看，它并不具有‘专制’的特性，而是早期殖民主义为了‘照顾’在政治和文化上处于绝对劣势的毛利人而设置的国会议席。但物换星移，经过将近二百年的演变，毛利人已经融入了主流社会，在各个方面成为新西兰的主人，这种政治权利的人为规定已经显得格格不入，它严重地阻挠了新西兰民选政治的发展。 The two main parties the National Party and the Labour Party The prime Minister is the leader of the party in power. Opposition: Members of Parliament who belong to the party not in power are known as the Opposition. Cabinet and public servants Cabinet : The Prime Minister chooses up to 20 MPs to form the Cabinet.They are known as Ministers. public servants: The appointment of public servants is independent of the political process. Government affairs significant reform of government affairs A number of government enterprise have been privatized. The Ombudsman is appointed by Parliament to investigate peoples complaints against government departments and local authorities. Local government Local authorities are responsible to their electorates,and council electio